Abstract : Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a significant concern in both urban and rural areas, directly affecting environmental sustainability, public health, and economic development. The accelerated rate of industrialization, urbanization, and demographic expansion has markedly augmented waste production, placing considerable pressure on current management systems. Conventional waste disposal techniques, including open dumping and landfilling, exacerbate soil, water, and air pollution, resulting in significant ecological disruptions. Modern methodologies prioritize trash separation, recycling, composting, and energy recovery as sustainable options. The incorporation of intelligent technologies and community engagement significantly improves efficiency and accountability in trash management. Policies and legal frameworks are essential for institutionalizing environmentally sustainable behaviors. Nonetheless, obstacles include insufficient infrastructure, lack of awareness, and financial constraints persist in impeding growth. Resolving these challenges via innovation, education, and stakeholder collaboration can convert SWM into a catalyst for sustainable development.
