Abstract : Tetanus still is a silent killer in low hygienic and poor families. However now a days it is a vaccine preventable disease. Causative agent of Tetanus is a toxin bacterium name Clostridium Tetani which is responsible as muscle spasm and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The target of tetanus treatment to reduce spasm and cardiovascular instability and specially wound debridement is must in the affected patient antibiotics also help for supportive care. Now days IV magnesium sulphate and antitoxin administration for spasm control is very effective for ventilator support. If treatment is not given so fast then the mortality rate is very high and such patient remain in hospital for a prolonged period after the generate of secondary problems. Tetanus complications as cardiovascular problems are creating fatal problems for life.
Keywords : Microbiology, vaccination, pathophysiology, clinical features, Diagnostic test evaluation, Treatment with management, complications
Cite : Javed, A. (2023). An Approach to the Prevention and Management Tetanus (1st ed., pp. 136-142). Noble Science Press. https://doi.org/10.52458/9789388996983.nsp2023.eb.ch-18
References :
Dietz, V., Milstien, J. B., Van Loon, F., Cochi, S., & Bennett, J. (1996). Performance and potency of tetanus toxoid: implications for eliminating neonatal tetanus. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 74(6), 619.
Wilkins, CA, ** Richter, MB, * Hobbs, WB, * Whitcomb, M.,** Bergh, N.** & Carstens, J. (1988). Occurence of Clostridium tetani in soil and horses. South African Medical Journal, 73(12), 718-720.
Mellanby, J., & Green, J. (1981). How does tetanus toxin act?. Neuroscience, 6(3), 281-300.
Dong, M., Masuyer, G., & Stenmark, P. (2019). Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. Annual review of biochemistry, 88, 811-837.
Pascual, F. B., McGinley, E. L., Zanardi, L. R., Cortese, M. M., & Murphy, T. V. (2003). Tetanus surveillance-United States, 1998-2000. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report Cdc Surveillance Summaries, 52(3).
Cardinal, P. R., Henry, S. M., Joshi, M. G., Lauerman, M. H., & Park, H. S. (2020). Fatal necrotizing soft-tissue infection caused by Clostridium tetani in an injecting drug user: A case report. Surgical Infections, 21(5), 457-460.
Sanford, J. P. (1995). Tetanus—forgotten but not gone. New England Journal of Medicine, 332(12), 812-813.
Yeh, F. L., Dong, M., Yao, J., Tepp, W. H., Lin, G., Johnson, E. A., & Chapman, E. R. (2010). SV2 mediates entry of tetanus neurotoxin into central neurons. PLoS pathogens, 6(11), e1001207.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2002). Tetanus--Puerto Rico, 2002. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 51(28), 613-615.
Ahmadsyah, I., & Salim, A. (1985). Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 291(6496), 648-650.
Petitjeans, F., Turc, J., Coulet, O., Puidupin, M., Eve, O., & Benois, A. (2009). The use of boluses of propofol for the management of severe tetanus in a child. Tropical doctor, 39(1), 52-53.
Ceneviva, G. D., Thomas, N. J., & Kees-Folts, D. (2003). Magnesium sulfate for control of muscle rigidity and spasms and avoidance of mechanical ventilation in pediatric tetanus. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 4(4), 480-484.
Thwaites, C. L., Yen, L. M., Loan, H. T., Thuy, T. T. D., Thwaites, G. E., Stepniewska, K., ... & Farrar, J. J. (2006). Magnesium sulphate for treatment of severe tetanus: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 368(9545), 1436-1443.
Fletcher, M., Rankin, S., & Sarangarm, P. (2019). The effect of pharmacy-driven education on the amount of appropriately administered tetanus vaccines in the emergency department. Hospital Pharmacy, 54(1), 45-50.
Duss, F. R., & Voide, C. (2018). Toxin-infections and toxin-related diseases due to Clostridia other than Clostridium difficile. Revue Medicale Suisse, 14(622), 1795-1798.
Bunch, T. J., Thalji, M. K., Pellikka, P. A., & Aksamit, T. R. (2002). Respiratory failure in tetanus: case report and review of a 25-year experience. Chest, 122(4), 1488-1492.