The approach used is crucial in scientific investigation, which is always changing in the academic and professional research field. The importance of research technique cannot be exaggerated; it is the organized, methodical approach that supports the legitimacy and validity of research findings. The book titled "Research Methodology" aims to offer a thorough and practical understanding of the fundamental concepts and real-world applications of research methodology. It serves as a vital resource for students, professors, and practitioners.
The impetus for authoring this book arises from the acknowledgment of the crucial significance that research methodology holds in the progress of knowledge across all fields of study. A robust technique is essential for producing significant and dependable findings, regardless of the discipline, whether it social sciences, natural sciences, humanities, engineering, or applied areas. This book seeks to close the divide between theory and practice by providing readers with a comprehensive examination of different research designs, methods of data gathering, and analytical methodologies.
The "Research Methodology" course is designed to meet the needs of both inexperienced researchers and seasoned scholars. The book offers a lucid and easily understandable introduction to the key principles and stages of the research process, making it accessible for newcomers to the discipline. Experienced researchers will find this resource valuable for its detailed analysis of complex methodological challenges and current techniques that are influencing the direction of future research. Every chapter is carefully designed to build upon the preceding ones, leading the reader through the complexities of conducting thorough and morally sound research.
An outstanding characteristic of this work is its focus on the theoretical implementation of research technique. This technique not only improves comprehension but also provides readers with the necessary skills and insights to effectively plan and carry out their research projects.
This book also places significant emphasis on the ethical aspects of research. In a time when the protection of data privacy and ethical considerations are being closely examined, this book emphasizes the significance of conducting research with honesty and regard for the rights of participants. The document offers extensive instructions on ethical research protocols, guaranteeing that readers possess a thorough understanding of the ethical principles that regulate their work.
Furthermore, this book emphasizes the significance of upholding objectivity and reducing biases in research. By examining several approaches to attaining fairness and openness, it provides researchers with the abilities to generate impartial and reliable findings. The book also explores the importance of replicability, highlighting the necessity of thorough and honest reporting to allow other researchers to repeat and validate findings.
"Research Methodology" is not simply a textbook, but a comprehensive handbook that aims to educate researchers with the information and abilities needed to traverse the intricacies of the research process. My intention for this book is to motivate and educate, promoting a more profound comprehension and admiration for the crucial significance of research methodology in the quest for knowledge.
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TITLE |
PAGE NO. |
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CHAPTER:01 |
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |
1-6 |
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1.1 INTRODUCTION |
2 |
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1.2 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH |
4 |
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1.3 RESEARCH APPROACH |
6 |
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CHAPTER:02 |
RESEARCH DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION |
7-32 |
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2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN: EXPLORATORY, DESCRIPTIVE AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH |
8 |
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2.2 RESEARCH TACTICS AND IMPLEMENTATION |
25 |
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2.3 RESEARCH PROPOSAL |
29 |
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2.4 ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN |
31 |
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CHAPTER:03 |
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS |
33-51 |
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3.1 INTRODUCTION |
34 |
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3.2 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN |
34 |
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3.3 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS |
35 |
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3.4 GROUNDED THEORY DESIGNS |
36 |
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3.5 NARRATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS |
42 |
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3.6 ETHNOGRAPHY |
47 |
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3.7 PHENOMENOLOGY |
49 |
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3.8 CASE STUDY |
50 |
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CHAPTER:04 |
INTRODUCTION- QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS |
52-55 |
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4.1 INTRODUCTION |
53 |
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4.2 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS |
54 |
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4.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS |
54 |
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4.4 CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS |
55 |
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4.5 CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE (EX POST FACTO) DESIGNS |
55 |
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CHAPTER:05 |
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH DESIGNS |
56-59 |
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5.1 INTRODUCTION- MIXED METHODS RESEARCH DESIGNS |
57 |
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5.2 CONVERGENT PARALLEL DESIGN |
58 |
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5.3 EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN |
58 |
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5.4 EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN |
59 |
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5.5 EMBEDDED DESIGN |
59 |
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5.6 MULTIPHASE DESIGN |
59 |
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CHAPTER:06 |
SPECIALIZED RESEARCH DESIGNS |
60-63 |
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6.1 INTRODUCTION- SPECIALIZED RESEARCH DESIGNS |
61 |
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6.2 CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH |
62 |
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6.3 LONGITUDINAL PANEL DESIGN |
62 |
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6.4 EVALUATION RESEARCH DESIGN |
62 |
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6.5 ACTION RESEARCH DESIGN |
63 |
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6.6 CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN |
63 |
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CHAPTER:07 |
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES |
64-85 |
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7.1 CONCEPT OF SAMPLING |
65 |
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7.2 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS |
66 |
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7.3 PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING |
67 |
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7.4 NEED FOR SAMPLING |
68 |
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7.5 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN RESEARCH |
68 |
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7.6 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM |
72 |
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7.7 UNDERSTANDING THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM (CLT) |
74 |
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7.8 SAMPLING THEORY |
75 |
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7.9 SANDLER’S A-TEST |
77 |
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7.10 CONCEPT OF STANDARD ERROR |
78 |
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7.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR STANDARD ERROR |
79 |
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7.12 ESTIMATION |
80 |
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7.13 ESTIMATING THE POPULATION MEAN (Μ) |
83 |
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7.14 SAMPLE SIZE AND ITS DETERMINATION |
84 |
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CHAPTER:08 |
DATA COLLECTION |
86-110 |
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8.1 INTRODUCTION |
87 |
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8.2 DATA COLLECTION METHODS |
89 |
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8.3 SPECIFIC DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES |
90 |
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8.4 METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA |
92 |
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8.5 CENSUS DATA |
107 |
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CHAPTER:09 |
BASICS OF MAJOR STATISTICAL INFERENCES & METHODOLOGY |
111-141 |
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9.1 INTRODUCTION |
112 |
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9.2 ESTIMATION OF POPULATION MEAN |
112 |
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9.3 THE BASIC IDEA OF SIGNIFICANCE TEST |
116 |
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9.4 HYPOTHESIS |
116 |
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9.5 TYPE I & TYPE II ERRORS |
124 |
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9.6 IMPORTANT PARAMETRIC TESTS |
131 |
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9.7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF MEANS |
132 |
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9.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS |
133 |
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9.9 HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR COMPARING TWO RELATED SAMPLES |
134 |
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9.10 HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF PROPORTIONS |
135 |
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9.11 HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS |
136 |
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9.12 HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR COMPARING A VARIANCE TO SOME HYPOTHESIZED POPULATION VARIANCE |
138 |
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9.13 APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE TESTS OF HYPOTHESES |
140 |
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CHAPTER:10 |
MEASUREMENT AND SCALING TECHNIQUES |
142-163 |
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10.1 MEASUREMENT IN RESEARCH |
143 |
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10.2 MEASUREMENT SCALES |
143 |
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10.3 SOURCES OF ERROR IN MEASUREMENT |
147 |
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10.4 TESTS OF SOUND MEASUREMENT |
148 |
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10.5 TECHNIQUE OF DEVELOPING MEASUREMENT TOOLS |
152 |
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10.6 SCALING |
153 |
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10.7 MEANING OF SCALING |
153 |
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10.8 SCALE CLASSIFICATION BASES |
154 |
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10.9 SCALE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES |
155 |
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CHAPTER:11 |
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS |
164-168 |
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11.1 INTRODUCTION |
165 |
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11.2 DATA PREPARATION: EDITING, CODING AND DATA ENTRY |
165 |
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11.3 DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS |
166 |
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11.4 USE OF STATISTICAL SOFTWARE (E.G., SPSS, R) |
167 |
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CHAPTER:12 |
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL TEST: CORRELATION AND REGRESSION |
169-201 |
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12.1 INTRODUCTION |
170 |
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12.2 TYPES OF CORRELATION |
171 |
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12.3 CORRELATION FORMULA |
172 |
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12.4 MEASURING CORRELATION |
173 |
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12.5 YATES’ CORRECTION |
174 |
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12.6 SIMPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS |
176 |
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12.7 MULTIPLE CORRELATION |
179 |
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12.8 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS |
181 |
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12.9 PARTIAL CORRELATION |
181 |
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12.10 COMPUTATION METHODS |
182 |
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12.11 ASSOCIATION IN CASE OF ATTRIBUTES |
191 |
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12.12 METHODS OF MEASURE OF ASSOCIATION |
193 |
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12.13 DETERMINATION OF UNKNOWN CLASS FREQUENCIES |
194 |
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12.14 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSOCIATION AND CORRELATION |
195 |
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12.15 OTHER MEASURES |
195 |
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CHAPTER:13 |
WRITING AND PRESENTING RESEARCH |
202-208 |
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13.1 INTRODUCTION |
203 |
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13.2 STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH REPORT |
203 |
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13.3 REFERENCING AND CITATION STYLES |
206 |
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13.4 PRESENTING RESEARCH FINDINGS |
207 |
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CHAPTER:14 |
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH |
209-214 |
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14.1 INTRODUCTION |
210 |
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14.2 ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH |
210 |
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14.3 INFORMED CONSENT |
211 |
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14.4 PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY |
212 |
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14.5 PLAGIARISM AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY |
213 |
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APPENDIX |
215-219 |
Dr. Ram Singh Kushwaha
Dr. Ram Singh Kushwaha is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bundelkhand University,Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). The author has specialization in the area of Digital Communication.Dr Kushwaha has 10 papers in national/international conferences and 08 publications in international/ National journals including 3 patents.
Dr. Sandip Kumar Mishra
Dr. Sandip Kumar Mishra is currently an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). He obtained his PhD in Mechanical Engineering. In addition to his academic career, Dr Mishra has 3 patents ,also published his research in more than 8 national/international conferences, His research output includes 05 publications in international/ National journals.
Dr. Anjita Srivastava
Dr. Anjita Srivastava is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics at Bundelkhand University Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). She has been associated with the institution as faculty member since 2011. She is also the coordinator of grievance cell. She has extensive teaching experience spanning 13 years. Dr. Srivastava has 3 patents, also published her research in more than 8 national/international conferences. She has collaborated actively with researchers in 12 national/international journals and 03 books chapters published in edited books in several other disciplines of Science.
Er. Priya Tiwari
Er. Priya Tiwari is strong believer in research, associated in technological masters in Pondicherry Central University in Computational biology, Department of Bioinformatics, She has strong academic interest in sampling and biological data research through computer software applications.
