FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND WAVES, APPLIED ACOUSTIC, ULTRASONIC AND POWER SUPPLY

By Dr. SANDIP KUMAR MISHRA

Dr. ANJITA SRIVASTAVA

Dr. RAM SINGH KUSHWAHA

Dr. MUKUL SAXENA

PAPER BACK ISBN : 978-81-977620-1-7

DATE : 2024

PAGES : 1-269

EDITIONS : 01

LANGUAGE : English

DOI : https://doi.org/10.52458/978-8197762017.nsp.2024.tb

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Power supply systems, acoustics, ultrasonics, and sound waves are all important subjects of research in many branches of science, engineering, and technology. The goal of this book, "Fundamentals of Sound Waves, Applied Acoustics, Ultrasonic, and Power Supply," is to give readers a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and applications of sound. It covers a wide range of subjects, from sophisticated acoustic design and power systems integration to simple wave propagation.

This text book highlights the fundamental characteristics and behaviors of sound, including frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, in various media, starting with an introduction to sound waves. It covers the essential elements of sound measurement, highlighting instruments and techniques including decibel scales and sound pressure levels (SPL), which are essential for precise acoustic analysis. Additionally, this book clarifies the design and functionality of microphones and hydrophones in a variety of applications, as well as how they capture and transform sound waves for recording and analysis.

The book also explores frequency and spectrum analysis, giving readers an understanding of how sound waves can be dissected and examined for certain properties. This is a crucial skill for scientists and engineers involved in environmental acoustics, telecommunications, and noise management.

As, go on to applied acoustics, the book discusses architectural and room acoustics, demonstrating how sound interacts with surroundings and how places may be created or altered to provide desired acoustic results. Another crucial area of study is environmental acoustics, which examines how sound functions in urban environments and the consequences for environmental policy, urban planning, and public health.

The book also discusses ultrasonic waves, a crucial field of research having many uses, from industrial testing to medical diagnostics. It addresses the various applications of ultrasonic waves in scientific and industrial settings and explains the science underlying them.

The last chapters of the text book cover power supply systems and power electronics, which are essential to the functioning of acoustic systems and devices. It describes the specifications for effective power management in sound systems, particularly in high-performance settings such as outdoor music festivals, symphony halls, and auditoriums.

This book aims to give readers a thorough understanding of the science of sound and all of its applications, as well as theoretical and practical advice for engineers, practitioners, and students. This publication provides an authoritative reference that is both approachable and comprehensive, making it suitable for those interested in specialist topics such as room acoustics or ultrasonics, or in the fundamental principles of sound waves. Because acoustics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates parts of engineering, physics, environmental science, and power electronics, this book is a useful tool for a wide range of readers who want to learn more about sound in different settings.

We hope that this book will be a useful academic resource as well as a source of inspiration for future research into the exciting field of acoustics and its expanding array of current technological applications.

 

TITLE

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER:01

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND WAVES

1-17

 

  • INTRODUCTION TO SOUND WAVES

2

 

  • NATURE OF SOUND WAVES

4

 

  • TYPES OF SOUND WAVES
  • Longitudinal Waves
  • Longitudinal waves are characterized by
  • Transverse Waves
  • Surface Waves

5

 

  • WAVE EQUATION AND SOLUTIONS

11

 

  • SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

12

 

  • WAVE PROPAGATION
  • Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction and Interference
  • Absorption and Attenuation of Sound

13

CHAPTER:02

SOUND MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL) AND DECIBELS

18-37

 

  • INTRODUCTION

19

 

  • WHAT IS SOUND?
  • Characteristics of Sound Waves

19

 

  • IMPORTANCE OF SOUND MEASUREMENT
  • Applications in Environmental Noise Control
  • Applications in Audio Engineering
  • Applications in Underwater Acoustics

20

 

  • TOOLS FOR SOUND MEASUREMENT
  • Microphones
  • Hydrophones

22

 

  • SOUND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
  • Frequency Analysis
  • Spectrum Analysis

23

 

  • CHALLENGES IN SOUND MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS
  • Environmental Interference
  • Complex Sound Sources
  • Limitations in Sound Equipment
  • Reverberation and Echo Effects
  • Human Perception and Subjective Bias

25

 

  • SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL) AND DECIBELS
  • What is Sound Pressure Level (SPL)?
  • Understanding Sound Pressure
  • Definition of Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
  • Reference Levels and Human Hearing
  • The Significance of SPL
  • Decibels (dB)
  • The Decibel Scale
  • Mathematical Relationship in Decibels
  • Understanding Decibel Differences
  • Practical Applications of SPL and Decibels
  • Environmental Noise Control
  • Acoustic Engineering
  • Industrial and Occupational Safety
  • Underwater Acoustics
  • Music and Entertainment
  • Automotive and Aviation Industry
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Marine and Environmental Research
  • Consumer Electronics

29

 

  • CHALLENGES IN MEASURING SPL AND DECIBELS
  • Environmental Factors
  • Complex Sound Sources
  • Calibration of Instruments

36

CHAPTER:03

SOUND MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: MICROPHONES AND HYDROPHONES

38-73

 

  • CHALLENGES IN MEASURING SPL AND DECIBELS

39

 

  • MICROPHONES
  • Working Principle of Microphones
  • Types of Microphones
  • Dynamic Microphones
  • Advantages of Dynamic Microphones
  • Disadvantages of Dynamic Microphones
  • Applications of Dynamic Microphones
  • Condenser Microphones
  • Advantages of Condenser Microphones
  • Disadvantages of Condenser Microphones
  • Applications of Condenser Microphones
  • Piezoelectric Microphones
  • Advantages of Piezoelectric Microphones
  • Disadvantages of Piezoelectric Micphones
  • Applications of Piezoelectric Microphones
  • Electret Microphones
  • Advantages of Electret Microphones
  • Disadvantages of Electret Microphones
  • Applications of Electret Microphones

39

 

  • POLAR PATTERNS AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE
  • Polar Patterns of Microphones
  • Omnidirectional
  • Cardioid
  • Supercardioid/Hypercardioid
  • Bidirectional
  • Frequency Response of Microphones
  • Flat Frequency Response
  • Tailored Frequency Response

53

 

  • HYDROPHONES
  • Working Principle of Hydrophones
  • Types of Hydrophones
  • Omnidirectional Hydrophones
  • Directional Hydrophones
  • Hydrophone Arrays
  • High-Frequency Hydrophones

58

 

  • OBSTACLES IN HYDROPHONE UTILIZATION

63

 

  • ADVANCED HYDROPHONE APPLICATIONS

64

 

  • CALIBRATION AND SENSITIVITY OF HYDROPHONES
  • Calibration of Hydrophones
  • What is Calibration?
  • Why is Calibration Important?
  • Types of Calibration Methods
  • Sensitivity of Hydrophones
  • What is Sensitivity?
  • Factors Influencing Sensitivity
  • Applications and Sensitivity Requirements
  • Balancing Sensitivity and Dynamic Range

67

 

  • FUTURE PROSPECTS OF HYDROPHONES AND MICROPHONES

72

CHAPTER:04

SOUND MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

74-88

 

  • INTRODUCTION

75

 

  • FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
  • What is Frequency Analysis?
  • Fourier Transform and Frequency Domain
  • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
  • Applications of FFT
  • Frequency Spectrum Representation

75

 

  • SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
  • What is Spectrum Analysis?
  • Spectrogram: A Key Tool for Spectrum Analysis
  • Applications of Spectrum Analysis

81

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF FREQUENCY AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IN MODERN APPLICATIONS
  • Signal Processing
  • Audio Engineering and Production
  • Noise Reduction and Environmental Monitoring
  • Speech and Language Processing

83

 

  • EMERGING TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  • Real-Time Spectrum Analysis
  • Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
  • Medical Diagnostics and Health Monitoring
  • Quantum Signal Processing

85

CHAPTER:05

APPLIED ACOUSTICS: ROOM ACOUSTICS

89-115

 

  • INTRODUCTION

90

 

  • REVERBERATION TIME AND ACOUSTIC TREATMENT

93

 

  • ACOUSTIC TREATMENT

97

 

  • NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR EXTERNAL NOISE

105

 

  • NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR INTERNAL NOISE

110

CHAPTER:06

APPLIED ACOUSTICS: ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS

116-140

 

  • INTRODUCTION

117

 

  • ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
  • Acoustic Design of Auditoriums and Concert Halls
  • Major Principles in Acoustic Design
  • Examples:  Auditorium and Concert Hall Design

117

 

  • ACOUSTIC MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
  • Absorptive Materials
  • Applications of Absorptive Materials
  • Examples of Absorptive Materials
  • Characteristics of Absorptive Materials
  • Porous Structure
  • Mechanism of Sound Absorption
  • Importance of Porosity
  • Applications of Porous Structure
  • Frequency Dependence
  • High-Frequency Absorption
  • Low-Frequency Absorption
  • Broad Frequency Range Absorption
  • Applications of Frequency Dependence
  • Reflective Materials
  • Applications of Reflective Materials
  • Examples of Reflective Materials
  • Characteristics of Reflective Materials
  • Hard, Dense Surfaces
  • Mechanism of Sound Reflection
  • Examples of Hard, Dense Reflective Materials
  • Applications of Hard, Dense Reflective Surfaces
  • Directional Control
  • Principles of Directional Control
  • Managing Unwanted Reflections
  • Integration of Reflective and Other Acoustic Elements
  • Applications of Directional Control

123

 

  • DIFFUSIVE MATERIALS
  • Applications of Diffusive Materials
  • Key Characteristics of Diffusive Materials
  • Irregular Surfaces
  • Mechanism of Diffusion
  • Examples of Irregular Diffusive Surfaces
  • Applications of Irregular Surfaces
  • Minimization of Reflections
  • Reflection Management
  • Control of Acoustic Distortion
  • Applications of Minimizing Reflections

134

 

  • ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
  • Absorption Coefficient
  • Reflection Coefficient
  • Transmission Loss
  • Diffusion Coefficient

138

CHAPTER:07

APPLIED ACOUSTICS: ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS

141-169

 

  • INTRODUCTION

142

 

  • NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL
  • Definition of Noise Pollution
  • Sources of Noise Pollution
  • Health and Environmental Impacts
  • Human Health
  • Wildlife
  • Environmental Impact:
  • Control Methods

142

 

  • ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
  • Key Techniques Acoustic Measurement

147

 

  • APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING AND  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
  • Urban Planning Applications
  • Noise Mapping
  • Applications of Noise Mapping
  • Example of Noise Mapping
  • Quiet Zones
  • Applications of Quiet Zones
  • Example of Quiet Zones
  • Building Design
  • Applications of Building Design
  • Example of Building Design
  • Sustainable Urban Planning
  • Applications of Sustainable Urban Planning
  • Example of Sustainable Urban Planning
  • Environmental Management Applications
  • Regulatory Compliance
  • Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
  • Wildlife Conservation

151

CHAPTER:08

ULTRASONIC WAVES

170-192

 

  • INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASONIC WAVES 
  • Advantages of Ultrasonic Waves

171

 

  • GENERATION AND DETECTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
  • Generation of Ultrasonic Waves
  • Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Operating Principle of Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Applications of Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Advantages of Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Magnetostrictive Transducers
  • Operating Principle of Magnetostrictive Transducers
  • Applications of Magnetostrictive Transducers
  • Advantages of Magnetostrictive Transducers
  • Electrostatic Transducers
  • Operating Principle of Electrostatic Transducers
  • Applications of Electrostatic Transducers
  • Advantages of Electrostatic Transducers
  • Laser Ultrasonics
  • Operating Principle of Laser Ultrasonics
  • Applications of Laser Ultrasonics
  • Advantages of Laser Ultrasonics
  • Detection of Ultrasonic Waves
  • Piezoelectric Detectors
  • Operating Principle of Piezoelectric Detectors
  • Applications of Piezoelectric Detectors
  • Advantages of Piezoelectric Detectors
  • Magnetostrictive Detectors
  • Operating Principle of Magnetostrictive Detectors
  • Applications of Magnetostrictive Detectors
  • Advantages of Magnetostrictive Detectors
  • Laser-Based Detection
  • Operating Principle of Laser-Based Detection
  •  

Dr. Anjita Srivastava

Dr. Anjita Srivastava is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. With 16 years of teaching experience, she combines her passion for education with a strong research background. Dr. Srivastava specializes in Ultrasonic and Non-Destructive Testing, contributing to advancements in both theoretical frameworks and practical applications. She has authored three patents and presented her work at numerous national and international conferences. Additionally, she has collaborated on publications across various scientific disciplines, including more than 20 journals and many book chapters, reflecting her interdisciplinary approach and commitment to advancing the field of physics.

Dr. Ram Singh  Kushwaha

Dr. Ram Singh  Kushwaha is currently  working as an Assistant Professor  in the Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). The author has specialization  in the area of Digital Communication. Dr Kushwaha has 10 papers in national/international conferences and 08 publications in international/ National journals including 3 patents.

Dr. Sandip Kumar Mishra

Dr. Sandip Kumar Mishra is currently an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). He obtained his PhD in Mechanical Engineering. In addition to his academic career, Dr Mishra has 3 patents ,also published his research in more than 8 national/international conferences, His research output includes 05 publications in international/ National journals.

Dr. Mukul Saxena

Dr. Mukul Saxena is currently an Assistant Professor in Biotechnology Engineering Department IET, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (A Govt. University, Uttar Pradesh India). He obtained his PhD in Biotechnology Engineering. In addition to his academic career, Dr Saxena has published his research in national/international conferences, His research output includes publications in international journals.